Visàge

Do you have a reference…

about beauty, facial attractiveness, or symmetry?     

Can Looks be Measured?

USA Weekend

Beauty

Dr Karl S. Kruszelnicki

The Effects of Attractiveness on Popularity

S. Prestia, et al, University of Pennsylvania

Facial attractiveness… the role of symmetry

Institute for Urban Ethology

Babies prefer attractive faces.

Samuels CA, et al, University of New England, Armidale

Balancing Act

Newsweek

The Enigma of Beauty

National Geographic Magazine

Science of Beauty - References

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Andersson, M. 1994. Sexual selection. Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press.

Angier, N. 1994. Not just another beauty contest. New York Times, Feb. 8, p. C12.

Barber, N. 1995. The evolutionary psychology of physical attractiveness: Sexual selection and human morphology. Ethnology and Sociobiology, 16, 395-424.

Blackman, S. 1997. Do our bodies tell how smart we are? New Scientist, 154:17.

Blinkhorn, S. 1997. Symmetry as destiny: Taking a balanced view of IQ. Nature, 387(6636):849-850.

Cancar, D. 1995. Sex and the symmetrical body. New Scientist, 146(1974):40-44.

Enquist, M., and A. Arak. 1994. Symmetry, beauty and evolution. Nature, 372(6502):169-172.

Gould, S. J. 1998. The allure of equal halves. The Sciences, 38(6):32-33.

Grammer, K., and R. Thornhill. 1994. Human (Homo sapiens) facial attractiveness and sexual selection: the role of symmetry and averageness. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 108(3):233-242.

Kronmiller, J. E. 1998. Development of asymmetries. Seminars in Orthodontics, 4(3):134-137.

Livshits, G., K. Yakovenko, L. Kletselman, D. Karasik, and E. Kobyliansky. 1998. Fluctuating asymmetry and morphometric variation of hand bones. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 107:125-136.

Manning, J. T., D. Scutt, J. Wilson, and D. I. Lewis-Jones. 1998. The ratio of 2nd to 4th digit length: a predictor of sperm numbers and concentrations of testosterone, lutenizing hormone and oestrogen. Human Reproduction, 13(11):3000-3004.

Mealey, L., R. Bridgstock, G. C. Townsend. 1999. Symmetry and perceived facial attractiveness: a monozygotic co-twin comparison. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76(1):151-158.

Melnik, A. K. 1992. A cephalometric study of mandibular asymmetry in a longitudinally followed sample of growing children. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 101(4):355-366.

Pennisi, E. 1995. Imperfect match: Do ideal mates come in symmetrical packages? Science News, 147:60-61.

Perrett, D. I. , May, K. A. & Yoshikawa, S. (1994). Facial shape and judgments of female attractiveness. Nature, 386, 239-242.

Rikowski, A., and K. Grammer. 1999. Human body odor, symmetry and attractiveness. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London , Series B: Biological Sciences, 266(1422):869-74.

Rogak, L. 1987. Is our body out of whack? Mademoiselle, 93:96.

Samuels, C. A., G. Butterworth, T. Roberts, L. Graupner, G. Hole. 1994. Facial aesthetics: babies prefer attractiveness to symmetry. Perception, 23(7):823-831.

Scutt, D., and J. T. Manning. 1996. Symmetry and ovulation in women. Human Reproduction, 11(11):2477-2480.

Shackelford, T. K., and R. J. Larsen. 1997. Facial asymmetry as an indicator of psychological, emotional, and physiological distress. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72(2):456-466.

Swaddle, J. P., and I. C. Cuthill. 1995. Asymmetry and human facial attractiveness: symmetry may not always be beautiful. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London , Series B: Biological Sciences, 261(1360):111-116.

Thornhill, R. 1993. The allure of symmetry. Natural History, 102:30-37.

Thornhill, R., S. W. Gangestad, R. Comer. 1995. Human female orgasm and mate fluctuating asymmetry. Animal Behavior, 50:1601-1615.

Thornhill, R. & Gangestad, S.W. 1999. Facial attractiveness. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 3(12), 452-460.

Thornhill, R. & Grammer, K. 1999. The body and face of woman: One ornament that signals quality? Evolution and Human Behavior, 20, 105-120.

Trivers, R., J. T. Manning, R. Thornhill, D. Singh, M. McGuire. 1999. Jamaican Symmetry Project: Long-term study of fluctuating asymmetry in rural Jamaican children. Human Biology, 71(3):417-430.

Williams, T. J., M. E. Pepitone, S. E. Christensen, B. M. Cooke, A. D. Huberman, N. J. Breedlove, T. J. Breedlove, C. L. Jordan, and S. M. Breedlove. 2000. Finger-length ratios and sexual orientation. Nature, 404:455-456.

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